Excess Enzyme P300 Creates an Environment Where Cancer In The Liver Can Spread. Lower this Enzyme and Liver Cancer Can be Suppressed.

Institute scientist makes liver cancer breakthrough; Discovery suppresses liver tumor growth | Austin Daily Herald

Dr. Ningling Kang and team from The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota have published new research in the journal, "Gastroenterology," impacting liver cancer development. The research focuses on the role that specialized cells and enzymes play in tumor growth in the liver. The article was written in collaboration with other researchers, including Drs.

 From article, (we found a critical molecule that creates an environment for cancer spreading in the liver,” said Kang, head of the tumor microenvironment and metastasis laboratory of The Hormel Institute. “Understanding how cancer and the liver interact allows us to test therapies to stop the spread and growth of cancer in the liver.”

The article focuses on the role of an enzyme, p300, which regulates gene transcription. Cancer cells recruit these specialized cells to help create an environment that promotes tumor growth.

When cancer cells recruit the specialized cells, called hepatic stellate cells, to build stiff tissue and tumor masses in the liver, the stiffness causes p300 to accumulate and tumor growth is promoted. When the p300 gene of the specialized cells was disrupted, tumor growth was suppressed.

The liver is a common site for growth of cancer cells, including breast or colorectal cancer cells. When cancer cells grow in secondary areas, such as colorectal cancer growing in the liver, it is called metastasis. Current treatment options for liver cancer, both primary and metastasis, are very limited and contribute to mortality of these cancer patients.

Kang’s research discovery is important because it identifies a new therapeutic target for suppressing cancer growth in the liver.

Kang and team will next begin testing possible drug combination therapies to disrupt or inhibit p300 in the quest to suppress colorectal cancer growth in the liver.)

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How to reduce CO2 In the Atmosphere and Reduce Global Warming? Add Pulverized Volcanic Rock to Farm Fields.

How Crushed Volcanic Rock in Farm Soil Could Help Slow Global Warming - and Boost Crops

Pulverizing volcanic rock and spreading the dust like fertilizer on farm soils could suck billions of tons of carbon from the atmosphere and boost crop yields on a warming planet with a growing population.

 From article, (Pulverizing volcanic rock and spreading the dust like fertilizer on farm soils could suck billions of tons of carbon from the atmosphere and boost crop yields on a warming planet with a growing population.

In a paper published this week in the scientific journal Nature Plants, an international team of researchers lays out the prospects for "enhanced rock weathering"—a process that uses pulverized silicate rocks, like basalt, to speed the ability of minerals to store carbon in soil.

The team, led by the University of Sheffield in the UK and including U.S. climate scientist James Hansen, says the technique of enhanced weathering on swaths of the world's cropland could potentially offset a meaningful chunk of global carbon emissions.

Though their estimates are preliminary, the authors say if farmers added enough pulverized rock per acre on a majority of the world's cropland, they could remove up to 4 billion metric tons of CO2 from the atmosphere, per year, by 2100. That's about a tenth of today's global greenhouse gas emissions. (Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land use are currently about 8 billion metric tons.)

This could happen fairly quickly. "Conceivably, roll-out could take place within a decade or two," said David Beerling, director of the Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation at the University of Sheffield and the lead author of the study.

In nature, this takes millions of years. Rain, which is slightly acidic, chemically breaks down rock in a process that converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, which eventually washes into the ocean where it's stored for hundreds of thousands of years. This natural process absorbs about 3 percent of global emissions from fossil fuels.

But pulverizing the rocks turbocharges the process, allowing the minerals to be released faster and to store carbon within several years, Beerling explained.

When farmers apply the powdered rock onto croplands, they'll see added benefits, the paper says: increased plant nutrients leading to higher yields and a potential drop in fertilizer and pesticide use.

The authors note that the best candidate for enhanced weathering is the land already being farmed—about 11 percent of the globe's land area—where farmers already apply limestone to improve soil and counteract  acidification. That means the infrastructure for applying pulverized rocks is effectively in place.

Another question mark is the cost. Current estimates range from $52 to $480 per metric ton of stored CO2, although boosted crop yields and lower fertilizer use could offset some of the price tag. Another "negative emissions" strategy, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, or BECCS, costs between $39 and $100 per metric ton.

But, the authors note, enhanced rock weathering could be one of the tools in the climate-control toolkit.

"Strategies for taking CO2 out of the atmosphere are now on the research agenda, and we need realistic assessment of these strategies, what they might be able to deliver and what the challenges are," Hansen said in a press release.)

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